语法专项复习：动词
一 中考对动词的考查主要集中在：
1、掌握动词的现在时第三人称单数、过去式、过去
分词和现在分词四种形式的构成规则；
2、掌握动词六种时态的基本结构，主要用法及区别（一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、过去进行时、现在进行时和现在完成时）
3、掌握系动词be, look, feel, smell, get, become, turn, keep等的基本用法；
4、了解过去将来时、过去完成时态的基本用法；
5、掌握助动词be, do, have, shall, will的基本用法；
6、掌握情态动词can, must, need, may等基本句型结构及主要用法；
7、了解一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时三种时态的被动语态的结构形式及其基本用法；
8、了解含有情态动词的被动语态的构成形式及其基本用法；
9、掌握句子主谓一致的基本原则；
10、掌握动词不定式作宾语、状语的基本用法；
11、了解动词不定式作主语、定语、表语的基本用法。

二、动词考察点分项说明：
（一）、掌握动词的现在时第三人称单数、过去式、
           过去分词和现在分词四种形式的构成规则；
　1、动词现在时的第三人称单数的构成：
动 词 特 征 变    化 例    词
一般动词 词尾加-s look- looks find- finds
以s, x, ch, sh或o结尾 词尾加-es watch- watches, push- pushes
以“辅音字母+y”结尾 变y为i再加-es fly- flies, 
2、动词的过去式及过去分词的构成
① 规则动词的变化：
   规则动词的过去式和过去分词的构成方法是相同的。
动 词 特 征 变     化 例     词
一般动词 词尾加-ed look- looked, looked
以e结尾 词尾加-d live- lived, lived
以“辅音字母+Y”结尾 变y为i，再加-ed carry-carried, carried
以重读闭音节或r音节结尾，且末尾只有一个辅音字母 双写该辅音字母，再加-ed stop- stopped, stopped
② 不规则动词的变化。（略）
3、动词的现在分词的构成：
动 词 特 征 变    化 例    词
一般动词 直接加-ing look-looking  watch- watching
以e结尾 去e加-ing come- coming move- moving
以重读闭音节或r音节结尾，且末尾只有一个辅音字母 先双写该辅音字母，再加-ing swim- swimming
run- running
以ie结尾且为重读开音节 变ie加y再加ing die-dying  lie-lying
（二）、掌握动词六种时态的基本结构，主要用法及区别（一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、过去进行时、现在进行时和现在完成时）
1、一般现在时
① 一般现在时常用来表示现在习惯或经常反复发生的动作，
与always, usually, often, sometimes, every day (week, month)等连用；表示现在的事实或状态；表示主语所具有的特征，性格和能力；以及表示客观事实或普遍其理。
②一般现在时的构成： 
一般现在时通常以动词原形表示，但当主语是第三人称单数时，动词原形后需加-s或-es。
     She likes biology very much. 她非常喜欢生物。
     They often go to school by bike.他们通常骑车上学。
2、一般过去时
①一般过去时表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态，常与表示过去时间的副词如：yesterday, last week, two hours ago等连用；表示过去一段时间经常或反复发生的动作，这时可与频度副词often, usually, always等连用；表示过去发生的一连串动作，以及在时间和条件状语从句中，用一般过去时表示过去将来的动作。
②一般过去时的构成：一般过去时由动词的过去式构成。
We met each other on the street yesterday. 我们昨天在街上碰见了。
She often went swimming last year. 她去年经常去游泳。
They moved the chairs to the table, sat down and began to have supper.
他们把椅子搬到桌边，坐下开始吃饭。
Mary told me that she would stay at home if it rained.玛丽告诉我如果下雨她就呆在家里。
3、 一般将来时
① 一般将来时表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态，常与表示将来的时间状语如next month, tomorrow, in a week, soon等连用。
②一般将来时的构成：
（1） 一般将来时由“助动词will/shall+动词原形”构成。其中shall主要用于主语是第一人称（I和we）的疑问句中。
（2） 也可以用“be going to+动词原形”这个结构来表示根据目前迹象很有可能发生的某件事情，或是打算、计划、以及决定要做某件事情等。
They will have a class meeting next Tuesday. 他们下周二将举行班会。
We shall meet at the school gate. 我们将在学校大门口见。
It is going to rain. 要下雨了。
4、现在进行时
① 现在进行时表示现在正在进行或发生的动作，常与now, at present, at this moment等连用；或与these days, this week/month等连用，表示现阶段正在进行的动作。有时还与always, continually, forever等词连用，表示反复出现的动作，代替一般现在时，表达说话人强烈的感情。如赞扬、不满、讨厌等。如：
He is always asking such silly questions.他老是提这类愚蠢的问题。
②  现在进行时的构成：
现在进行时由“be (am/is/are)+V-ing”构成。
They are watching TV now. 他们正在看电视。
The dog is enjoying his meal. 小狗正在吃饭。
5、过去进行时
① 过去进行时的用法与现在进行时用法相同，只不过参照的时间基准点不同。
过去进行表示过去某一时刻正在进行的动作。一般和特定的时间状语或状语从句连用。如：then, at that time, at eight yesterday, this time yesterday, when he came in等。
②  过去进行时的构成与现在进行时类似，只不过把be (am, is, are)变为过去式（was, were）
They were watching TV at that time. 他们那会正在看电视。
The dog was enjoying his meal at this time yesterday. 小狗昨天这个时候正在吃饭。
6、现在完成时
① 表示动作已经完成，但后果或影响仍在，常与already, just, yet等副词连用；或是表示过去发生的动作一直持续到现在，常与for或since引导的一段时间状语连用。
② 现在完成时由助动词“have/has+过去分词”构成。
He has already come back.他已经回来了。
He has lived here for three years.他在此住了两年了。
（三）、掌握系动词be, look, feel, smell, get, become, turn, keep等的基本用法；
常见的连系动词有：become, turn, get,
grow, keep, feel, look, seem, smell, fall等。它
们后面常接形容词，构成系表结构。
Please keep the classroom clean. 请保持教室的干净。
The bread looks very fresh. 这些面包看上去很新鲜。
（四）、了解过去将来时、过去完成时态的基本用法；
① 过去将来时表示从过去某一时点看将要发生的动作或存在的状态。过去将来
和一般将来时的构成相同，只是把will, shall变为过去式would, should，把助动词be的过去式变为过去式was或were而已。如：
They were going to have a meeting.他们曾打算开会。
②过去完成时表示在过去某一时刻或动作之前已完成的行为或存在的状态。与现在完成的用法相同，只不过作为衡量基准点的时间点不同，现在完成时以现在作为衡量的基准点，而过去完成时则以过去某个时刻作为基准点。它表示在过去某一时刻或动作之前完成了的动作，即“过去的过去”，常by, before引导的时间状语连用。如：
By the time he was ten, Edison had built a lab for himself.
　  到爱迪生10岁时，他已给自己建了一个实验室。
She said she had worked in that hospital for 20 years
五）、掌握助动词be, do, have, shall, will的基本用法；
• 　助动词是“辅助性”动词，一般没有词义，不能单独作谓语，但可用来帮助构成谓语，表示不同的时态，语态，和数的变化。
   　   常见的助动词有：（1）be (am, is, are, was, were, being, been) 与现在分词结合，
• 构成各种进行时态；或与过去分词结合构成被动语态。
         I’m looking for my pen. 我正在找我的笔。（现在进行时）
  　     These cups are made in China. 这些杯子是中国制造的。（被动语态）
• （2）have (has, had, having)与过去分词结合，构成完成时。
•     They have known each other for twenty years.
• 　   他们互相认识有二十年了。（现在完成时）
• 　  He had built a chemistry lab for himself at the age of ten.
•    　他十岁时就已经为自己建了一个化学实验室。（过去完成时）
• 　（3） 助动词do (does, did) 后只能跟动词原形，与not及其他动词结合构成否定句，或置于主语之前构成疑问句。
•   　He does not speak English.他不说英语。
•   　When did he come back? 他什么时候回来的？
• （4）will (would), shall (should)：
• will能用于一般将来时的任何人称后；would是will的过去时，能用于过去将来时；两者后面都接动词原形。
• 　 The plane will arrive in ten minutes. 飞机十分中后将要到达。　
•      I was sure we would win.我确信用我们会赢。
• 　shall与should这两个助动词本身没有词义，shall只能用于一般将来时的第一人称后；should是shall的过
• 去时，只能用于过去将来时的第一人称后；两者后面都接动词原形。
We shall meet at the school gate tomorrow. 我们明天将在校门口见。
I told them that I should do the work alone. 我告诉他们我将独自做那项工作。
三、巩固练习
• 1. His father     any washing in the morning.
•   A. doesn’t do      B. doesn’t      C. doesn’t does    D. doesn’t does
• 2. I     1000 English words by the end of last term.
•   A. have learned    B. had learned      C. would learn    D. was learning
• 3. How long     you     the bicycle?
•   A. have…bought        B. have…had
•   C. did…buy            D. do…buy
• 4. my brother knows London very well. He     there many times.
•   A. has been      B. has gone    C. was      D. went
• 5. The children want to know if Miss Green     free tomorrow.
•   A. is     B. is going to     C. will      D. will be
• 6. Listen, the music     nice.
•   A. sounds       B. is sounding     C. is sound       D. was sounding
• 7. He     early every morning from now on.
•   A. gets up     B. does get up     C. does gets up     D. will get up
• 8. Our teacher told us that light     faster than sound.
•   A. travelled      B. travels     C. was travelled    D. had travelled
• 9. Mr. Brown is not at home. He     to the library.
•   A. has gone    B. has been     C. had been      D. had gone
• 10. He said he would go to the cinema with us if he     free.
•   A. is     B. were     C. was       D. will be
• 11. Tom _____ his homework after breakfast.
•   A. don’t   B. doesn’t   C. don’t do   D. doesn’t do
12. Jenny _____a letter to her mother three days ago.
        A. wrote    B. writes    C. write     D. has written
13. He ______ with us yesterday morning.
       A. doesn’t go swimming     B. goes swimming
       C. didn’t go swimming       D. went to swimming
     14. There ______a basketball match on our school the day after tomorrow.
      A. will have   B. will be    C. is going to have    D. would have
• 15. ______ you ______ us a talk this afternoon?
•   A. Are, giving    B. Are, given    C. Will, give    D. Were, going to give
• 16. Look! Li Lei _____ Jim with his Chinese.
•   A. is helping  B. has helped     C. is going to help    D. would help
• 17. Don’t make any noise. The baby ______ .
•   A. has slept    B. is slept    C. will sleep    D. is sleeping
• 18. The students of Class 3 _____a football game now. Let’s go and watch.
• A. are having    B. will have    C. is having   D. will be had
• 19. How many English songs ____ you _____ by the end of last term?
•   A. have, learned   B. did, learn    C. had, learned    D. were, learned
• 20. My mother _____ breakfast while I ______ my face this morning.
•   A. cooked, was cooking   B. was cooking, was washing
•   C. was cooking           D. would cook, was washing
二、用下列动词的适当形式填空
   1. He told me that he     (visit) the Summer Palace the next day.
   2. —Who has borrowed the dictionary? I want to use it
    —Miss Li. She     (keep) it for a week.
   3. The old men     (die) last summer. He     (die) for eight months.
4. Father     (cook) when I got home
   5. Mr. Smith told us he     (show) the guests around the factory.
   6. In winter when your clothes     (wash), it is not easy to get them dry.
7. —     the twins     (return) yet?
—Yes. Th ey     (have) a rest in the room now.
8. It     (rain) but it     (stop) now.
9. All the children     (keep) quiet though their teacher was not there.
10. The boy     (read) a story book now.
（六）掌握情态动词can, must, need, may等基本句型结构及主要用法
① 情态动词在英文中是“辅助性”动词，用来表示说话人的语气或情态，包括请求、命令、允诺、可能、需要、敢于、愿望、义务、能力等。情态动词本身有词义，但词义不完全，不能单独用作谓语，没有人称和数的变化，且后面只跟动词原形。
　　② 情态动词的种类：
原  形 过去式 词  义
can could 能
may might 可以（或许）
must must(had to) 必须（不得不）
will would 愿意
shall should 应该
need needed 需要
dare dared 敢于
③ can的用法
（1）表示体力或脑力方面的“能力”，也能表示根据客观条件能做某事的“能力”。
The boy can swim very well.
Who can answer this question?
（2）表示允许
The students can leave after the meeting.
When can I get the news?
（3）表示推测
It can be wrong.
Who can  be your new teacher next term?
④could的用法
（1）can的过去式，表示过去有能力及过去的可能性。
They could run very fast when they were young.
Could you speak English at that time?
（2）表示客气地请求或委婉地陈述意见。
Could I borrow your bike?
Could you listen to me carefully? 
⑤ must的用法
（1）．表示义务，命令或必要
You must finish it before 5 o’clock.
Must I hand it in now?
（2）．表示肯定的推测：一定
She must be a pretty girl.    You must be wrong.
⑥ need的用法
(1) 表示“需要，必须”，主要用于否定句和疑问句中。
We need’n t hand in our homework now.
（2）need引导的疑问句，肯定回答时多用must，否定回答时用needn’t。
　Need he come?  他必须来吗？
Yes, he must.是的，必须来。
　No, he needn’t.不，他不必来。
⑦ may的用法
（1）表示请求、许可、可以
May I ask you some questions?
　 May we start now?
（2）表示推测说话人的猜测，认为某一事情“或许”或“可能”发生。
He may be 25 years old.
We may come back in three days.
⑧ should的用法
should意思是“应该”，表示劝告或建议（=ought to）
　 Who should I meet this afternoon?
　 You should pack your bag quickly
七）了解一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时三种时态的被动语态的结构形式及其基本用法
被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。一般说来，只有需要动作对象的及物动词才有被动语态。汉语往往用“被”、“受”、“给”等词来表示被动意义。被动语态由“助动词be+及物动词的过去分词（p.p.）”构成。被动语态的时态变化只改变be的形式，过去分词部分不变。疑问式和否定式的变化亦如此。
1．一般现在时的被动语态（am/ is/ are +done）
English is spoken by lots of people in the world. 世界上的许多人都说英语。
  Class meeting is held every Thursday. 每周四都举行班会。
The classroom is cleaned by the students every day. 学生们每天都打扫教室。
2．一般过去时的被动语态(was/ were +done)
He was saved at last. 他最终获救了。
My bike was stolen. 我的自行车被偷了。
3．一般将来时的被动语态(will/ shall be +done; would/should be +done)
A speech will be given this afternoon. 今天下午有一个演讲。
A new road will be built next year. 明年要修一条新马路。
I think thousands of people will be helped. 我认为将有数千人得到帮助。
（八）了解含有情态动词的被动语态的构成形式及其基本用法
情态动词的被动语态结构为：情态动词+be+过去分词; 其时态及句型的变化仅由情态动词完成，“be+过去分词”部分不变。如：
Tables can be made of stone.桌子可由石头制造。
Tables could be made of stone at that time.那时桌子可由石头制造。（一般过去时）
Can tables be made of stone? 桌子能用石头制造吗？（疑问句）
（九）动词不定式的基本用法
动词不定式在句子中可充当主语、宾语、表语和宾语补足语和状语（包括目的状语，结果状语和原因状语。）
1）作主语
To dance with you makes me happy.和你跳舞令我高兴。
It is difficult to drive in the mountains. (=To drive in the mountains is difficult.)
在山里开车很困难。
① 后接不定式作宾语的及物动词多是表示“意愿”、“企图”等的动词，如：
hope, want, wish, desire, like, decide, try，promise, refuse.
I want to talk with her.我想和她谈谈。
She has decided to go.她已决定要走。
② 在feel, find, think, made等动词后如果是不定式作宾语，而补语是形容词，则通常用it作形式宾语，而把真正的宾语即不定式移至形容词之后。如：
I find it impossible to forget her.我发现忘掉她是不可能的。
He thought it necessary to take an umbrella.他认为带把伞是必要的。
3）作表语
Her wish is to be a teacher.他的愿望是成为一名教师。
Your duty is to clean the classroom.你的任务是打扫教室。
4）作宾语补足语
He wants me to come earlier.他想要我来得更早些。
The policeman ordered them to turn around.警察命令他们转过身。
5）作目的状语：
She opened the window to let some fresh air in.她打开窗子好让新鲜空气进来。
I went there to see her yesterday.昨天我去那儿看她了。
6）作结果状语：
He is too tired to go any further.他太累了，不能再走了。
He is not old enough to join the army.他年龄太小，不能参军。
7）作原因状语：
不定式跟在表示“喜、怒、哀、乐”的形容词之后，可以表示引起这些情感的原因。
I’m sorry to trouble you.真抱歉给你带来麻烦。
I’m glad to see you.见到你真高兴。
二、巩固练习
一、单项选择
1. He     had his lunch already.
A. will      B. would       C. has      D. have
2. Mary     speak English before she left for England.
A. can      B. was able to      C. could      D. had been able to
3. I     your help. I can do it myself.
A. needn’t     B. don’t need to      C. need     D. don’t need
4.     some more tea now?
A. Do you like          B. Will you like
C. Would you like       D. Should you like
5. —     you     the book to the library?
—Yes, I borrowed another one a moment ago.
A. Do, return            B. Are, returning
C. Will, return          D. Have, returned
6. Don’t go to see him. He     changed his mind
A. is      B. was      C. will      D. has
7. —How many times     your uncle been to Beijing?
—Twice.
A. has     B. have      C. does      D. did
8. My boy, you     talk to your father like that.
A. won’t   B. hasn’t to   C. shouldn’t     D. has to
9.     give me a cup of water, Mary?
  A. Shall you please         B. Will you please
C. Please you               D. Please do you
10. I     work out the maths problem yesterday, but I can work it out now.
A. can’t    B. couldn’t      C. may not     D. needn’t
11. Since you are very tired, you     do it today.
A. needn’t     B. don’t need     C. needn’t to      D. not need
12. Li Li     get up at 7:30.
A. used to       B. used      C. was used to      D. uses to
13. You     answer this question.
A. haven’t to     B. don’t have to     C. don’t need    D. needn’t to
14. It was a cold night. An old man     under a chair in the park.
A. is lying     B. was lying    C. has lying     D. will lie
15. You     go with us at once.
A. need      B. should        C. would        D. could
16. —_____I watch TV after dinner, Mum?
—No, you     .
A. May; mustn’t       B. May; don’t
C. May; won’t         D. Must; mustn’t
17. Oh, sorry. I     you     in Shanghai.
A. don’t know…are      B. didn’t know…were
C. don’t know…were     D. haven’t known…are
18. The PRC     in 1949.
  A. was found     B. found     C. was founded    D. founded
19. —Is Xiao Li in the classroom?
    —No, he     there. I saw him in the reading room just now.
  A. can’t be     B. mustn’t be     C. is     D. needn’t
20. —Shall we go to the zoo tomorrow?
  —     .
  A. Yes, we shall        B. Yes, you shall
  C. Yes, you will        D. All right
21. Nobody _____ do it. Let me _____ .
  A. can, try    B. can’t, to try     C. can, to try    D. can’t, trying
22. “ _____ you like ______ bananas to eat?”    “ Yes, please.”
  A. Would, some    B. Will, any    C. Could, any    D. Can, some
23. “ Can you answer this question in English?”  “ Sorry, I _____.”
  A. needn’t    B. may not    C. can’t     D. mustn’t
24. “ _____ I borrow your dictionary?”   “ Certainly, here you are.”
  A. Must    B. May     C. Need       D. Shall
25. I _____ see the words on the blackboard. _____ you write a bit clearly?
  A. mustn’t, Can    B. don’t, will   C. can’t, Can    D. needn’t, Could
26. It’s a sunny day today. You ______ take a raincoat with you.
  A. can’t       B. mustn’t     C. needn’t     D. can
27. I’ve looked for my pen everywhere, but I ______ find it.
  A. couldn’t     B. can’t      C. mustn’t     D. didn’t
28. “ ____ I speak to Ann?”   “ Speaking.”
  A. Must     B. May    C. Need     D. Shall
29. The science book ______ good care of.
  A. must be take    B. must take    C. must be taken    D. must to be taken
30. The stars _____ in the daytime.
  A. can’t be see    B. can’t see     C. can’t be saw     D. can’t be seen
二、用蓝体的情态动词填空（每词只用一次）
need, needn’t, can, can’t, shall, shouldn’t
may, must, mustn’t, have to, would
1. I     show him the way,     I?
2. Can you answer this question in French? No, I     .
3. May I keep the book for three weeks? No, you     .
4. Nobody     live without air or water.
5. You     not worry. Everything will be all right.
6. —     I have some chocolates now?
   —No, you mustn’t.
7. Children     be left alone.
8. I     finish my homework before I go to bed.
9.      we go out for a walk? That’s a good idea.
10.     you like some fish?
三、把下列句子改为被动语态
1. I saw the boy run yesterday.
2. He told me that he would come back soon.
3. You can find a lot of differences between the two languages.
4. Do you water your flowers every day?
5. The wind blew down the big tree last
6. I think that he is right.
7. He had not thrown the bad food.
8. Mother was not mending the trousers.
9. They would not take him to Beijing.
10. Nobody knew me in this town at that time.
四、用不定式完成下列各句
1.     （把英语学好）isn’t easy.
2. This is the room     .（住）
3. He made the children     .（哭）
  The baby is often heard     .（哭）
4. Can you tell me     .（如何去那所学校）
5. There are quite marry books     .（读）
6. Don’t stop     （休息）before you finish doing your homework.
7. Mother wants me     .（将来成为一位教师）
8. We have planned     （去打篮球）tomorrow.
9. The students was made     .（再打扫一遍教室）
10. It’s important     （友善）and helpful.